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Interesting !

We also published a paper on this topic, specifically for Cell and Gene therapies and concluded that after accounting for R&D attrition rate (i.e., costs of failed programs) and applying a cost of capital at 10.5%, the clinical-stage R&D investment would be $1.9 bn .

Obviously natural to see variability in the outcomes based on the approach employed: We looked at it from a "bottom up " approach, looking at product-specific R&D costs in S.E.C. reports for companies .

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Appreciate the comment and thanks for sharing your paper!

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As always, enjoyable and thoughtful writing on a complex topic, Kevin. I am interested to follow your learnings on this topic. Curious about how to develop trust in changes to these processes. I am no expert, but it seems that so much of those costs are functions of how we build trust in the outcomes

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